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<p><b>Midrange computers</b>, or <b>midrange systems</b>, were a class of <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> systems that fell in between <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> and <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This class of machine emerged in the 1960s, with models from <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (<a href="Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</a> lines), <a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> (<a href="Data_General#Origin,_founding_and_early_years:_Nova_and_SuperNova" title="Data General">NOVA</a>), and <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (<a href="HP_2100" title="HP 2100">HP 2100</a> and <a href="HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a>) widely used in science and research as well as for business - and referred to as <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>IBM favored the term "midrange computer" for their comparable, but more business-oriented systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IBM_midrange_systems">IBM midrange systems</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="System/3" class="mw-redirect" title="System/3">System/3</a> (1969) was the first IBM midrange system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="System/32" class="mw-redirect" title="System/32">System/32</a> (introduced in 1975) <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a 16-bit single-user system also known as the IBM 5320.</li>

<li><a href="System/34" class="mw-redirect" title="System/34">System/34</a> (1977) was intended to be a successor to both the 3 and the 32. It had two 16-bit processors and ran the <a href="System_Support_Program" title="System Support Program">SSP</a> operating system.</li>

<li><a href="System/38" class="mw-redirect" title="System/38">System/38</a> (1979) was the first midrange system to have an integrated <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (DBMS). The S/38 had <a href="48-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="48-bit">48-bit</a> addressing, and ran the <a href="Control_Program_Facility" title="Control Program Facility">CPF</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.</li>

<li><a href="System/36" class="mw-redirect" title="System/36">System/36</a> (1983) was a follow on to the System/34 with the same architecture and operating system.</li>

<li><a href="AS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/400">AS/400</a> was introduced under that name in 1988, renamed eServer iSeries in 2000, and subsequently became the IBM System i in 2006. It runs the <a href="OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> operating system.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">IBM Power Systems</a> were introduced in April 2008, a convergence of <a href="IBM_AS/400" title="IBM AS/400">IBM System i</a> and <a href="IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">IBM System p</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positioning">Positioning</h2></div>

<p>The main similarity of midrange computers and mainframes is that they are both oriented for decimal-precision computing and high volume input and output (I/O), but most midrange computers have a reduced and specially designed internal architecture, with limited compatibility with mainframes. A low-end mainframe can be more affordable and less powerful than a high-end midrange system, but a midrange system is still a "replacement solution" with another service process, different OS and internal architecture.

</p><p>The difference between similar-size midrange computers and <a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">superminis</a>/<a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> is the purpose for which they are used - supers/minis are oriented towards <a href="Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> scientific computing, and midrange computers are oriented towards decimal business-oriented computing - but without a clear distinction border between classes.

</p><p>The earliest midrange computers were single-user business calculation machines. Virtualization, a typical feature of mainframes since 1972 (partially from 1965), was ported to midrange systems only in 1977; multi-user support was added to midrange systems in 1976 compared to 1972 for mainframes (but that's still significantly earlier than the limited release of x86 virtualization (1985/87) or multi-user support (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1984_PCMODE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_PCMODE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</p><p>The latest midrange systems are primarily mid-class multi-user local network servers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can handle the large-scale processing of many <a href="Business_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Business applications">business applications</a>. Although not as powerful and reliable as full-size <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, they are less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than mainframe systems and thus meet the computing needs of many organizations. Midrange systems were relatively popular as powerful network servers to help manage large Internet Web sites, but more oriented for corporate intranets and extranets, and other networks. Today, midrange systems include servers used in industrial process-control and manufacturing plants and play major roles in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). They can also take the form of powerful technical workstations for computer-aided design (CAD) and other computation and graphics-intensive applications. Midrange system are also used as front-end servers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management.

</p><p>Since the end of 1980s, when the <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a> of computing became predominant, computers of the comparable class are instead usually known as <i><a href="Workgroup_Server_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Workgroup Server (disambiguation)">workgroup servers</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Brit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing"><i>online transaction processing servers</i></a> to recognize that they usually "serve" end users at their "client" computers. During the 1990s and 2000s, in some non-critical cases both lines were replaced by <a href="Web_server" title="Web server"><i>web servers</i></a>, oriented for working with global networks, but with less security background,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mainly using <a href="General_purpose_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose computer">General purpose architectures</a> (currently x86 or ARM).

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Midrange_computers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Midrange computers">Midrange computers</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Superminicomputer</a></li>

<li><a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">List of IBM products</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEstabrooks1995" class="citation book cs1">Estabrooks, Maurice (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronictechno0000esta"><i>Electronic technology, corporate strategy, and world transformation</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronictechno0000esta/page/53">53</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0899309690</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bell_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBell2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Bell, Gordon</a> (9 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405013653/http://ethw.org/STARS:Rise_and_Fall_of_Minicomputers#Introduction">"Rise and Fall of Minicomputers"</a>. <i>Engineering and Technology History Wiki</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/STARS:Rise_and_Fall_of_Minicomputers#Introduction">the original</a> on 5 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLI50ZbXeuQ">"1969 IBM System/3 promotional ad - midrange, minicomputer, Computer History, RPG"</a>. <i>Computer History Archives Project</i>. Netherlands. 15 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/TLI50ZbXeuQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-14.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibmsystem3.nl/pdf/IBM_S3_Announ1.pdf">"IBM System/3 announcement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127175325/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/rochester/rochester_4017.html">"IBM System/32"</a>. <i>IBM Corporation</i>. 23 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/rochester/rochester_4017.html">the original</a> on January 27, 2008.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-DRI_1984_PCMODE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1984_PCMODE_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Research1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=documents&id=1008">"PC-Mode bridges CP/M and PC DOS"</a>. <i>Digital Dialogue - Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104174356/http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/documents/doc-4468e75a9255a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/47026/midrange-computer">"PC Magazine, Definition of: midrange computer"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Brit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"now referred to as small or midsize servers." <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/minicomputer">"Minicomputer"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esj.com/Articles/2000/01/01/Channel-Surfing-IBM-Brings-One-Voice-to-Server-Group-Reseller-Channel_633718630603110674.aspx?Page=2">"Channel Surfing: IBM Brings One Voice to Server Group Reseller Channel"</a>. <i>Enterprise System Journal</i>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li>

<li><a href="Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a>

<li><a href="Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li>

<li><a href="Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook_computer" title="Notebook computer">Notebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a>

<ul><li><a href="Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li>

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li>

<li><a href="Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fitness_tracker" title="Fitness tracker">Fitness tracker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

<li><a href="GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM940" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IBM940" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_and_World_War_II" title="IBM and World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hardware8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li>

<li>Quantum

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business<br>entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li>

<li><a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li>

<li><a href="EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Towers

<ul><li><a href="1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li>

<li><a href="One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li>

<li>Software Labs

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li>

<li>IBM Buildings

<ul><li><a href="AMA_Plaza" title="AMA Plaza">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Building%2C_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li>

<li><a href="1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Facilities

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Academy of Technology</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM's_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li>

<li><a href="Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li>

<li><a href="Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li>

<li><a href="T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li>

<li><a href="John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of<br>directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Big Blue sports teams

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li>

<li><a href="GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li>

<li><i><a href="IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></i></li>

<li><a href="IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mathematica%3A_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw external" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> Navigational boxes

<li>Midrange computers</li>

<li>Operating systems</li>

<li>Personal computers</li>

<li>System/360</li>

<li>System/370</li>

<li>Typewriters</li>

<li>Vacuum tube computers</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Midrange_computer&oldid=1291614129">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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